ࡱ> WTUV`!M`{R @x"xmKAg.0Q( $"X i0I$* 1I "XXZhE NQ0K\ؽ7pQ,<bFOVHv[)б.s)t{ FalPWb-[WF a"0$BgV}B͆ʏrsdR^1^rRvCgTL>5|ӹř4_ط>nsyIχ\_:_m,#_绩 %S1M20[O]ܤy#M v]6 )ނt&R- Tkn_\`EE{[|Q;3QyC՗WAH$My[۹.[fQE _t`!r娣åO:'O""o0)x[hWܙfp͚&T)"ЖEC(Xw[(6tcA؏~T+G(-,E%B&s8;f>3ޓ0Лc`߫EaˮΎW ;E ‡xM #QMxX^z rث"~n,w+5gPPƖp)fN ]f8 { i井@r@VNM1%`|yv:]5AUfR4zIGz Bxۄ7zi]PQI~@ہڍh5BkD?ɵTlk#.WuXFnZCEX*5.|K!h6q,3*M{ꅴ`^ JM:dՠ}'h:ID{hBX蜾+Dh+_ph++D:{fDk5Bls 8"3ĸo7r m/m:Jy<䩆}:dS>o4,l[f=s: כyy>E_[gXضx!)>#fF6H0 b<ל9g-ޟOD|~[ \- ?I+uaVI+yYr jxD6|<"Y>,8Gdţ2YRxLs>N@8_ԍx] M٭y`!pSE [VzGG ` &0xڥ=KAً\"k)D 5؈$M6p`xHj`c*Xߨ9F ?v]B0 (B=l z(Hx9bHUaLSb{]R듁&(6P$Gn'(brݱw2v+36-@1~2y]0R7䆩x>i7#wmHOQ'/(J!_Aq^ס_NסCR)2g.>_ۥ&C.'"oP}\"nGcJQfe18wѹT`diHPg(rSXٯ*j;lm%%u`iXD{ڗ쌚 :2mw#!Mw~]ْӴR`C?:n=#B㘉@<1;ɗPNG  IHDRYusRGB pHYs+=IDATx^qhizq+7am=ف-3}?F†󐃱@l6m$H8K5@vckYiQ`?rx! 1 L6dA .~n]UuwuzMcy?[U=  Jm 4ȅ@ȅڏ @.d .@. }~@r!c@ tra##   C@\@]\ B @GG 2@B >h? 1 0@@ȅ@ȅڏ @.d .@. }~@r!c@ tra##   C@\@]\ B @GG 2@B >h? 1 0@@ȅ@ȅڏ @.d .@. }~@r!c@ tra##   C@\@]\ B @GG 2@B >h? 1 0@@ȅ@ȅڏ @.d .@. }~@r!c@ tra##   C@\@]\ B @GG 2@B >h? > &04ۆlU1&0 qr!c@ tra## }>Y*Th>Tٺ6Ul|MwE:pvh`gJGΚx.@.Jx͉s/4cvѺqןgߙO-fkD%xBHE\p M]RjrmÕ;+㯝LB DQ[+GZjX!OT V޺ /k폷/,rS :j{rc2kY=З@#Ft׃^W]j]`_iGmhyji8-ENRN kEB(V_B@uDqhhKtZndtZKHM)1(w^遖YJڱ֭'[wj*m54SҚJhXn+wmj LKTjch,hv ٖ(nKKkB8[ۏ7-)zиf]|a_DBF,.޶3>%Bm$rʂ6FvҞS'̔TU-Scg&߼&/Nfib P*_)Aw{`6 *]AFZe=lORMm6T<jAq(%!˗&-aT2zQ޻j*h_t&:pש_>oӝؽQSm%Z\)tk>~0ofS Dj} ^eh'BO:a(ELb+ ]vܫߛ~kjdxDtd,][Id,MN*KME5:x%@.;J2) ]1Ǐ،=kWuK'uPgLC:v-v(mҢa:>v^S&d_g6Dra!թT4TOY&O ^T-O>=^ve[ј>|gyJq@CJ?:6:aoooɍ7@B(~^(zzVD-  ?/|äFϜ:c?Z%>>A\(eDpm}utx@/raF]e,4gƘY @jRcRFKu>S;I;Д,"ܴ©kS'_9y .R}B R:;MCG\7s} WߚewWWD$ (>QjF(#riMC(>ߘm\pxx򟎎 ^I  @Uυ ,PxN@(>C3BݜrԫQB0 @ȅ&u  = CpT@}I)0pra#!2@B >h? 1 0@@ȅ@ȅڏ @.d .@. }~@r!cu3*-l=F  [@&@.,[/ @ȅ<@ cċ oraE)@l²"[\oQC(l=F  [@&@.,[/ @ȅ<@ cċ oraE)@l²"[\oQC(l=F  [@&@.,[/ @ȅ<@ 6n֟H %(>N0?eZp{aI-T^,+#G\fߙ|WH@J,Q.962Y\Y^bWBG(@i}㢚NH %(>ݘ}ӄJv\ʵ+:^%v%t@ N-ZiFǢ~k^'C_K %(>FtTꬡ=蟀p)Y8) sccM9>Y:H! @PuTS3()*5l@@  qQ()6Χ y x ]ӵ37IyB(>+ft:CñScSךrC@ s6{wW[I4@M\(q/Sv!7@-E.t#)@6B @GMS~E ^@_ȅq %@.,Jz@| ā P(yEE\KO @Q¢@r/=A E ^@_ȅq /0 qr!c@ tra##   C@\@]\ B @GG 2@B >h? 1 0@@ȅ@ȅڏ @.d .@. }~@r!c@ tra##   C@\t{imddD7 #P|.r[F1w}nʝ|@ ps֓-%WG]O_} GG\v֟cUC@-   5)xmbI5ξ3;wc.  uDtk{kkjIr^h "P|.x{q?y|⅙3ʎ75A]\[ }C3@(>p]Dzԙ1|ZN- @PAh"5#TRqooA@ 7/rK~SWo̓s~*Bb^xy%? pԵ)@|ڡhkww录|@ ps:@ 픡R/ oh> @>^|J-    C@\@Sl\iVȅR ХK0VGr]J@ v   VKi @.X@ru) BR\%#TN\X.A ] cu@ +ץ4@Kra` P9ra应!t)@.@*'@.\ @.ȅ]: @ȅR ХK0VGr]J@ v   VKi @.X@ru) BR\%#TN\X.A ] cu@ +ץ4@Kra`@IV^` ȅw#.W.|YZ/܅@(>N0neZp{aI-T^ h) @Bwf7mn|uyNu8,J\8rldQӟ>p= E  ֗n/;.IaD(EJ\8wcnٮN*q+׮x4@(sթ[:Mh4XoMuE EB(>FuTꬡ=݆I@`~M6P G|MU{v^\ gR:}xQ υ QW򙎱 (>꣄mώ @L\o?v/]ct""E.U^;Z "%E. J"&@.G@ oraԇ з!,G JqU VWi @7nX@**mBF\؍"TQ\X^M  b]@* ث @ra7Z PEra{6!t#@.Fu_IS5 {cK@j я@wravl P ra5V .@.ݎ-@!@.F? @ȅ۱% @5ȅGZ лw;D|ľG؃ Ζ@!@.,G?% ȅd@r OD 08rl)@rQ" N\88[JF(D  Ζ@!@.,G?eUW$d&OmP\a @\ @C/rsC=^{!!!TR\xڕgnFce8BM\dKpQG3~v|E< (>UURF!&P|.Ԥpⵉ7'u:_8܍9߰@Bޚ:|uPKBFJB(J\+#\r5E "VRF!E\Nl>, "q"Z\(>])ڑ@+P|.st ۟5,5#)P|.ǎiDT ":Roi ^B?i @ ra M3@Z   C?A3U гg:6D"I3@z Ldž  V#i @ž@"Št$@Y\3"TD\X = {cC@ +ґ4\|Mh+/@.|@@B @GG 2@B >h? 1 0@@ȅ@ȅڏ@J\TwX@r!@ tra##   C@\@]\ B @GG 2h'ׯMzض(c̅@ȅD p(r@ t"M@8P|l Przdi @Yυ& KYV-^|cR ˂H (>:wf7mn|uy]]jYG(Gp諣7s}fz q[Yp@K:@:<<쎋jRX;Q y+,AVL  `^\8wcnٮN*q+׮xy  P|.:xkQ oM0@P\EaR 9 sh0U   2$@B >h? 1 0@@ȅ@ȅ߳@_&=7 RrQ¢@r/=A E ^@_ȅq %@.,Jz@| ā P(yEE\KO @Q¢仮mЛvPB7\`<ȅy(S B{@ L > }bCC\2u ,@.w @ raԁ !6@<ȅy(S "{J\UʲaS~Y [r]C` 9 s@oȅv !$@. j@ z5 0'hAV\m @Nœ@[PraoͲUGVнzD|{5'{ֺO-~0t5_yPrĀ ~!*@ȅYS B?@ gMM ~ BO\t{imddDg@M a  \lwh][JZ УOiѱXa{{{oNn|]YzA(^y O1'[B8ڭx9"@@͇:L:zj̩3pd: ;@H\( Dpm}utGH Pi/rai ^/@*-@.t8@  H Pira!d f@b@J +ݽ4@ hʷ tk:].UuEP'}Ăvڟj9FGJA(}G Q  @Vi @'ra'!G=L@: |;֩{?hy|dxĚ4칳o(d5[㏾~Q[Vwؒ/хP?v>y7_v񸊖n/)TfƖl=rY#N/gv}⯾xVzjc51 q['V-T;7&f&n_=%uXߩTAt_jݾlOر&1S;;οP㯍kW;QxmB; =rv"ܵ|[S'MMtw]BE*ҋ{ gT< ش5YWV(,џZ35Պ޴V/]pZ1Χ;O҆7V(~BwWW+ԖV}6UyW&JxVzw&csԑ~p wș=6>?;n\hXW^on\g})@~VL[:z\9[[ZѺ6  (f5TQk̵ʚ L~Q]VkhvZ!um.\`rkƏ X<$3T̊T[E;3$uXv0K ͕#Fundx#-C)!7B* b^7SzlsTV)D`n<ڸ|{'Μz~PlME.]4ִ[u}&%BQ ^!ZVoUw{?װDP QmJ]9[i59yqR 9TQu׎&) E&yϞP[O,OU sԨ ԊTL*$&M9b6։4sL"y&;GJ7zq*S:Vi!եz"wϊOw=|sSS"ԛq=eiޕO_VEj拫Ю9딡Lv^*PvS|Z!@իsjE2~=n37=sS OTծ܎pxuK})B#^җ-=0\pݦ/6[)ci^8/n^ qU FқvX+zŖc%Scl[!஝QJڳ({, ]4f{*VP[+ܩM#?ctֶJ;!&{Sf51~RGZjv[ AB 2wI2-יBeSw*کkXlَˣЉC9jGfՉT^՞g9˒qI2 gp{(gI ɝchUnnuz}jKdVNEYVN:.ԉL,/473xshNHKЎ!ԡcʲBGjFD=Nzm;,w C'4:کDGV *jhG\ze*}B)B-i?%e+G" nupR_JS |zyӺg]؞ѳv>LbZeYz0w}6ϸ6b q 46bv-9R;ޣNE r!<\ed!{.Lzj{v[ƭwKڃ@^HkqΚ[+$fMZIfJgͫzAl["LiR;@&BЉ@+ z%N0  }A[\8!&@.G@ oraԇ з!@ȅyS oBz$x e2ozKuql i GS- ۬1BmW;e./̽Wؕ#}Yt~~2bٛ~!!EB`J@wq fGt㯱GWiu~D]I.tHKO)n?nCRUDw?goj"8*;ɜ[_fVR#OZۉU?+l5Zx%=_vOs;uPS%-~zl+h e'K5k QZNڶ*ʮewO+hN:)[b'8]?YUV*G vMZ9Ҷ*-WN0+ozNb5\a@-Iwɭ{>|\Pj ȓ6(~>RjD@ , PBD/,gu`:Xi. f3Wn*CPyBH  s2@ȅv !!*@.̕@< z) 0Wn*CP\a @\ @CrBH  s2@ȅv !!*@.̕@< z) 0Wn*CP\a @\ @CrBH  s2@ȅv !!*@.̕@< z) 0Wn*CP\a @\ @CrBH  s2@ȅv !!*@.̕@< z) 0Wn*CP\a @\ @CrBH  s2@ȅv !!*@.̕@< z) 0Wn*K⟾87q1Q2PŤ4WT_yB0` 5_˯tٟza?_:g^O7W###[~dUHC2j7߽yk'/roWu6)-:ehCzvtO6͟H AjO5UZM_Iw V,X~wuXb7g~6NZM{ZԱ!xc-^ɓ'53r]sh7[cr )-:m654w~ꍵulWɾDrV@raW^˺Z{).Zm g.?׽/o'RkbKt(3G|~uMuWz 7= uAgM!7'|%uEcPgNYs)wpd?.VmѬ:q,$Km 0f>o7TK߼deN:Fz=K/6m}/WjZGj==n.ZM97J nW{z.jQPuiTIpՊh(hdEmrý2WsX;jx]ykBr&O6SDY\J[?q+_Q>PH_|K_}̩3;dkͤ6-I~u50vT:FC\{>ֶYo.\Dը2{լ:5j7&Vc^{Oxqh_/3p#-94lJ8֭r:+ T]FʝͿݬ}6с+-1Nrjl#!||{Za"+0K:ۻP#+GoI%{!Y~jOŸxp+vNv='?Dhߑ]P =O?s[AcS7;Ps^U=&%Zf\E[[J`wWVцh\}e}ݵmt3zlqB]SMU2kJ7VYY䣤ڴVXo}VJfhJ-amytK{\%*AwU]n(NdYFH^s5٭rTTqe]fU_h`ִm#Ғ1Ztd[,0ܸb[bɡ{pK@|W!:(#{{{*t}mH:ہYͿ'7uΎ٭9e8MXuw˵mVuiFTX)9:B:W?rZZGf{iؾڼĒï+4{$Z3U,K/dYHXy̅NJ4[pDR]C1dbw6_vR0yK{oViE/X:{Z:Z4ӑIݭS6/" [S+T#*c#\Wk{-tTe/|uO^:[jiuوқ;Ɛ:BZWl׭dWB[94Tz!ڪ_bo$3ʧ=RVM⹰vm;tAKvݟ*:b.&L43?}uSצtK7߼ռL@ak⢻7 ;e?uc־N+jy@ZSy)f)X9rY=ֿ zKDf](`>TA5?K[Tƽ~~Z% OtqV"uݥ/n+\a]#$_}QTmDk*Z`Q13ԍ hD;~ӟ%K:wyR2jZR{3KOO!}8޿B7] wz:D;ixu&Iܳw 5[yoE+(ؾiFsnnSߜȱ-n\M+KWcy/`)Z]$igXrM@ 坪BY7NZڃ}@t'th'4ߨ%R#T]'?^z6mLd凝'XY:z;suP\0RLfUU<w:B5SG Zi[SdQ.uv"k SOkV$3~ث/[U%Kf*6o4ʥmh׽9W#@=bUekKݥrTРC/t䉓 k{UΏacSUI Y}"h]nlzCgx{ˏ+ꛪg(mEzlRQ9ڢ"kT'X}@ &m_u4JVT+_ʣ5C$@X k͕gm$YUQ!ڢf^bK4S% @%-a D?skChxvcJv:!MoXTةC;;'/!6}{hA)!Bbؼjb!2 @Tڛ0(`lM;za}̓Ü_w &2NLGLc͉XznJSrjx1`tդXnsZ$DV\]jZ8K{i>e+IlNbﴺ*`WU߻yoܼM=~Y]aWgvf#v5_uܬ.lp _Vws5?\گ>5JHk6PU|fI!!W5 4yij3سPJ#燣0}jB%Dl6ߠ@fֿj^4ۯ,:ǎ@GKکҕv%6L6S6S% @S͜ A hZﻛꝹ:~۹5uس(l 픿-MK CXnդ] lM )ۗe*ˈn=]n;-lU֮ni`/QENOF!~Tߜ=E>moXOGq[h71X9v]a_.tz5iG3cwueq^iWF[T>S:zi-csx/n1Gl$@f !@D@Z=_{:{L~6gG*)6AbF[:w {6|۵dvr5hcTd[-=6/@ |@ "{DpXSn2@| Cԥl .`T| p.×," a/C@1/YE@ lb! K—," 1DK@%@ Kr@["u  %K -@ v:@| C\@ i !|R. a Cݿ@_d)@!_Z /b_ @a/C@1/YE@ lb! K—," 1DK@%@ Kr@["u  %K -@ v:@| C\Թ);^ *@,B@1__JG@ TbP{v! W¯/# 1D=K@+@ ח@U"Ԟ]  K *@ j.@ Ct@B H׳g' tJ̥+ !@ ;r3woJeI?"I@B HѓK ʏ]ggSBR@ H׍WcX<ԓR# P|.mj¢Ngwv.+7+/F i<ѡ4H 0ѬaG!""I@B`"{OjZgGOb6\d'&'&<Ľ H1Dt\[[Ϟ||PwjKp!.I@&@ N=sjn]ϩ_@ !Rtci[]Yym%E)$E@ bݨ  7F( Y5)zOq@Nт]S!tFCEbAZ\ɪ$El)'!zL(zp HKZ'@ :KJB A K4 ` U^y)@`!Z Wb @v- C@1W^ G@ Xb`! U+/# 1D]K@*@ ᕗ@V"خa x K +@ l0@ Cxp@ ki ^!R8  C۵4 @^y)@`!Z Wb @v- C@1W^ G@ Xb`! U+/# 1D]K@*@ ᕗ@V"خa x K +@ l0@ Cxp@ ki ^!R8  CډoRIfAj@ HэGqJ2v|lԹ@ !RtҲeo@ !uX=+ _KsoEZ]]} -@MnCGACPՙ.ϡ6E( J"Ew*nEZqS|vRbآKf R@hYzlŗ/tY續,A(1D,m+3FhB"K)A@)zoU}ǔVVꌆ;IHHR@P!R؉1}鳧F ]ڞ" WfFCh6bMBAR3/hvB2+6ynrTRH @)qyiYDѲӿtRH @qj,zҕBj@/Х9ⷢM-X\Xr߮>|fezaM ܦa7yơCH B!R`aG!y$EE"]Ovww+9>zw& 7tKW:@(1DUZ .,Fv\r"^"E{0Ԩ}W4"E)$E@ bݨ:B.tY :" 1Dn7C 5S~X[[K '@ KRܫ ;e&5  CdLSt'  ؇8^g,l SF@1D{# PLbbF:i #!| S> a Cٯ @)@0!WZ ob” @a+B@1oaG@ Lb0V! [·0# 1DJ@-@ [@S"~U  -L #~+GAU/@ Q> tB@ Ci  :D@CZ @'!:>@(1D  bNO@/@ Q> tB@ Ci  :D@CZ @'!:>@(1D  btg' tJ̥+ !@ ;r3woJeɩsS)J!) ACeG.Oً3)J!) AC뫱 ,zIW @(1D>$'*Z1؉@ !Rt\,,vyB[j!lѥn)J')  H]݊$F]ۢKҕNj@#@ tie,.,Z ]۩e( "@ ' ܱçϞ>i ,0"E)$E@ bݨpA/<%ße;?0" 1Dnܬ ZHrv@$) @()z䉓{Fhe :HQ I@B"E7jauu5:לּ7W( Y"]iB7G'58N Cғ@ Cכ! 1D(=I;@h1D{ Cғ@ Cכ! 1D(=I;@h1D{ Cғ@ Cכ! 1D(=I;@h1D{ Cғ@ Cכ! 1D(=I;@h1D{:7)!  E"y@@1 Y!@!  E"y@@1 Y!@!  E"y@@1 Y!@!  E"y@@1 Y!ҩM7е~+Jz<73R# 1DnR#$@ 3ݯA ,f#zwJQI@E"EO)hϝzn;E)$E@ btݨ$tk+ _}H @1D''  (~@:!@ u @!߇@NCtB}" P|b!-@@Pg sSvM (LWQQ@r%@ 2 F0]EE@ȕ1D  PbtE@ W* @a! UT@\ C;   (LWQQ@r%@ 2 F0]EE@ȕ1D  PbtE@ W* @a! UT@\ C;   (LWQQ:7{3,*@ j.@ Ct@B gi ~!R:  Cڳ @~})@P!ى}]Rs3s 5 AC#ǎܸyc[R;>6yn2)vLR@'@ O@-<{g/NL( U/*G>Cc]ˠ硞t@ CCMB |bP"OKQ I@B"E7aG!y$EE"]Ovww+9>bw=Non薮tR# Pb/}ent E?J CZ "`qa1E)$E@ btݨtyH @)z@([xUDI @!'o۾.@N"] =olF@ 8bດ! b0@ Ki m h 3;A ɞBț1Dz  P bbD@ oy @1!O`< b<u@@x3j @! @ CϨ1 y C/P j1@!G@< CW  QC@(@ ^NlZAlڮE (bQg@:/@ > QF@1D  PDb"uFQv]J hD   `H  @b,jAR pJ("@ QJQMr"v43EǧI7s -1D# )bNɳ_@-@ Q PC'D 1D*.+NTs:!AdX;b -x 5 `  @b,jA@b d ȢF@ hr1׽/jp}GQdG-)$6&\viӻZES;Z2+Jƴ]&LzMxkjkL滶)btg' tJ̥+ !@ ;r3woJeɖIQ'" !. ;ܻ_ݮY _@ !@$Y˰POlMT-H @AHQ :QUg+7+/ֆ)%)  Hi:sV,[rtE@ !F @Xvrv @At#@@m'g !@ D7@.@ vrv @At#@@m'g !Ct?zoؔ|V6iR Qp_H+z ]BW>>8C2@_"> (\D@fhF4   `L  @b,jA@Cx *o[~lMѡn۸z}unfNFW-%S<㥮,tvZ[|]G+TnVGהL})eVXf񣑠QU2ZFޒӆ7vr!ZNZmsOpS {˽z=6* ޸V-=QO7%URbr[rwP:6 }z&_]si_FqUѧF<~ \] ,˭cfs_Ϫ(zwy{gd#nw}?3bg/jRʯT* @OmK\Jlj_^Y]lRֳh:QC:)9Wרݔ(uOo`_lOǏ ljpGvׯ7!ܱŬO`4}lz`yiY%hq]kSMTa}N$!ѕ+{5ĵ˗:[[%VI%cmɃVZf /IV|{]?q5ϝ/Wf@[Myv~|Tջ'] tv^vTYy=ytmەE7=\VV7,]Mpb\El:h޵{.%móX[T=AcC%oߢӑL}X_0]TaWh(: r>~|Q~!ZI+)t$BgݚVueÖ}R=v]غx,I3aIkSVdvthkwݒ۹9 L[#O_/MD8{uK?WmGoM- hXO- &a}_oW>t7Ӯ nu璵ILl $'r+Z[Q%cmɃFiY"Q7^,7BOScڮWڕ;onǏ>sx}gp-+S5iڻnzl5_Q>lwXgAyWYwwP!nA`NRY}^tP^mɃ@"8pr'88~$^Ԫ ?zq [_ ^l@{߷ 5VF[w.?AG mU9 2//Fϒ0Bg1V%!WU5MF=诶kHW wێ;"і(hHk4-9cWUkw{e -\->>'ngG,Vu6vTt='f[? hO O l8s]P &`=&l @ !ZIQ l"bM4@ C@Di* - h!&E! !6Qg wU>kmIw #VVԛT(*kB"KgtEQ

u n-EWW]fe ,k^j5b Ќ1D3JAf,h65@(rQw'35B/|bJ /tܫL^ޒFƥfcΔrF>g4ocbUiF*ߪ){-_=.??Ow-W^9pކjw#0b;:h\&?Fd4ٖ r M('ƾ:6_,?Z='l5~h ƛ&ާuK+N#}m _۩GOC?h m{{;y`^0O4Ym./-w{;R첺~k~7lȕ+-Q YymeΝe۶< i{l{4C^܎&ä!}򐶌<5Y:kqk's;ﱆ {_)pyUF:Զ0Ќ۷'dto Sh~Xo?_[miNN)Wj䉓xK_>JiG>sDRG׮]{kٻW'qX 2MW槞9Jជտʨi0rzؿ[kJfqww~#YEP3Nw#V 9 '-zk>-G6W@CB(]|u==;:C{Sb]F~iTMvK^[4Bw-q8j?6nߞ>m-[c@yuc̄ѡٙj 5VRzomݒ-Tƕ j垭-U_lD=9:t?ЭClkYU/أE'__w7NVW$|nXG)zvhUؾ"]OɃ>h-͆k#P8U[a)כ`DB!ݭ|= B{=ږ Ts>8*r{zIT+\g%8@j=Z ז.Pۮ^TFtGn(؍X!`ȹ^~p\kN@Rk(ܒ#Ij`u|*652mˆݭPh^bVm3M|]D+nF9QWن{7َ@ՁBNk*1ͽYm-z˰7XoEvX.ׅz~8i2Z1}{{!-VU/+o5*!DcCb5,1XŮݔK[Zi4TgYluSL]\m8qG]If!- `4V`v OZ$-n%sͱiQJ]>i,֊hvu{6f'4*p 6!ޛ?6Woے(I6L!S ]o|ۣuЪwK&mօo_LNl"z=(}dO)zln-Ubf.Ew3Alj-KFvE59vf׭:#:xx^.үmގ]sF'uO,aҠp}z U@۵j#m0:v'fʭɦě" mW(?]]]VeIͼ2ﱙ~'MyF_lNjWrῙ K=(D=ilپ~fajjAt[wK_]v~gˍMv׸5-0tZUH/-HƆ-`ޮMD:ku-^:Cdgjo;TAVzףޏi rV婯SUuFGGIՊ⥷~_ߺoo>z坿~Gu_!~xI-^O|\e~rx?Z߮>wGhG.gww?25_ȱ#nݺsN?)WU=v^߼K60jYܥ?έw]{7fjř~gʕWT]E/RbwaE=}iŧ~3K/^=z;-W߽j\k_WՁnn#SG>U_Cnb|T^4J+CO _:s: Fu`ՋRh&ԩSW&'' 8O< ܱSGVV4o=ē_97Əݏ|{}W/xI/[oV ~@K"}l^O?o`xK*sٞ*(8JU _e7OjY!:z={aNGk51n$4j;zbT }rHkB}f=u%ZAK:|dEV"-zvJB@eB+,N'V#m!׵(I{tt^]03;ԨڢRiMjrEwL7p6z4:[56l ttޔft͔V3؅H}e)4H ewYꭙyEz`3-.jToZF4;[&tB'JJ6}bTUw&;[N=UrBU0 |څiCG}Hʊ,]ܸqR ^,=P>6(-LQꀭJj~:-i$WC.RѦAz!2Q7[6<@''Im*˾G,Y8bu&hBՎ~~0ݮ$76IGL}jL-k=ctAeMi Cg5y)|uuKյr^^7o@GOZbbϭFl팛IIENDB`n]5sE8Y=`'M PNG  IHDR*sKsRGB pHYs+4IDATx^lם[ ή!^"%ޒC$EMH1b)5R$V4$1mR6D_mX,٫bQ/LZ(ĀՋPe}cRw@ }~~yYs5  008F$@$@ ~L"IH~h$@$@&1:$  @,HH6@$@$`H   ~L"IH~h$@$@&1:$  @,HH6@$@$`H   Xek֬1 $ &`_1D}ɵ8Z6Y,VA1푋o4:  E HHL @ctI$@$@C  0ݏ Y$ @ݹY$@WV'r.e #T=fXl6E_{ή6ܿ?B-fɦs-2"Cda %@&W*ѳ1|0\*0$PV8j١Tlj`(>yl6 'B-j69=ym3V >W?ںa5!mtlU\}fUq|U+Χ܄/ {o БUVe^Ę+ o0*O>]pDF=37o݉Ƶz[3<@XxEdґ踧#faYOmb胮*+[2yujԪ̋sUzZ7FJb]K=0""Vͤ37Ct:s93(8b6l/ ]ˮ燚fb|Dǎz319^׶;0ݎ .j W8b'b x:AZQY zM}¹6 9hAOl{8%[-OwPԿNOR:pr+:KQU)$י64FgaT0!\S SUQ&tOtؔNTP3C JzvfVeؐVsv9xywO_Oo_Y) r\ӉZO[m۲xcI%600'rGc>0/Qp9 f.epAء1 'R!HWVZHxN}qߐ_JrMa\.!+9@7:"Hy A!d;72LjB@(J$!dYB,eTDH!{> 'F|k]$AW=(4,$]WF{ŧYa)0FAi9b5KXDGFY:jVmmHUzUCA6aP/(eB$TJ+ IjcC #hȃ6`ؘ-ˬ*AbmAixr4 UDӸk!iU oLKA4FzPiX ˽ :ebmੁ0b jYsT,}QZO\&GI,Lyx[[>le% *]hؙpM9ЭvU(cjJiV\{5!bRN2r=@гAcH)*)VWn7(d6 l@|u'tPrPJi$f5?ُb8ST9ȿY)*OTVeV <|z˺#y=VGZ䣧1"VuV7Cu( LRع3${[Dҧy W0P%o v~# CGѠ=1rYOV!ʄ `'})si8BdfE mBɵ.h6+C mi qQTEX)͗\c Vwt &Z+OTV ])xq7?2 c@tRe驠MeF|L}xwuz͗4-r(>jTV+|R" /P2*?!pG#|?77-Onةsagk'nӛoG~xvyy9H`Ww//\>"?kj_z8vإtiRlh˟bSSOOրp }K UU\3Ulii/l٢m=7w䉓$>gؐSUvLF.^˲< Azfh @C&\L_2[- D.eQCArB=H%ek~Eʶ[?ZNT.Dlgg F =&7ݒ(4 kL`NPn&։y%`Ǐ s؝(?|.n7n=0 {9xʎV0Zn:bW؊-p*#q٩^q?طz%A;YI= l(k0pn̊% +JڨWY3W!ُstɚ hOpOo;nm^bȃj I$TB*_:M'lnm_nj-D~S)5슝M'HD%564>0;Ԁ,2LZDxra;OSD>R0͸ʪpTvt?#J4fW!+G033v$6cƕRJ#,~wL=7sRFmt{ p~oO_`w}KpBIv8XNMrfR+}'.SڰmX{if=kͷ DC^lmۑ^S `, Lj80鼷[3 <y5mE] e_tO)Q|&v1B$̐\Vp}ػɋ8l=7{e Nhzys F`?( U%zoJח]鯴AEă' R+kGWKs8#ІבJ1Ge;:gr+iއz(S_!$H3 9B:&rS fT o~>#ІFʮ:OȪcC~݃ȡKѷb#}}qC/M*3)pM:&sǨ!<$M12;&~6^Cqq*a iC6&`X{hղ<   @,HH6@$@$`H   ,Zo$@$@Fv,Þ3 H0}?\|5 @,HH6@$@$`H   ~L"IH~,j٥,£|z0IˮVNꛀn5M  ${/9ˎI$kqEb`7ų};W~EFZҭN0x6f^a ӕmՁk\|8렰LŦ3|0+8ҕCa|Υz5wJf3L'wK=KH:N2Xp<I7{7v6ʱZ5oYx"1A!.vuv!dbc4>0{SK,,P;r<ߞqVļN+h]׊6ޕC <3 >cclkq&K=#?\~=}_7B! J֙Y]G5*bP),䢎 /+X@}w~E3¯j儎Բ'׮}~m&́F+ ?)[I;6彟2u5cuU#VZ寸qFM#^hҎ(~-2{?Ʊ.yi= Hx S"3=+ x"a"xp.9'\sSH$@$POID@$@$P}t?gIHJ)HHO;?A$@$`$״Pc@Ԕ23/NT @ƈ\|5 @,HH6@$@$`H   ~L"IH~,j%]ŃO?I_qٵc;ârS'@ӭ{ %ep~/ٸrDE#yqwsnZ, # U>Oh$v".uم&{YAj[=r1T,"_'RԱw'6o~3yt+b\~ cxv~X^p,y$3vއzኮ}.-MLN T\:R\H_~ s X`.͋+ՏVԪ)u9YR葨n_۝mm{DS>7L3I>7u*lH4̿477c"z9yQE-͔1,>49Q~NO'C95FaՉ{8He,;'!شjp!h^qՉ:}ǎbeM|5wmw>Nq/9NG؞W͋" MW':N 5ܿ\`?\`,5tr9Z|l<م]ڸ!$7ԛݸM|P+,0@ymb>ܒQXun,Z]CHH`8Y%@&~Y@5pS ̃HH,jaP4 0ݏY ~ ͢HH$@C[  0ݏ Y$ 6^SI$@$@F0f ܏1 T-Rs?4 >cEP   ZཟZe$@$@E>?j xn,..Fߎ6k'wKs?gB&&'ZZZ<7{I& {Ƨʤa0]n٦ZKos?t?oZvmܴ쁧>MI!z]Ca|Υx_f>OpOptkkqr׾$3^2 /}xv罝nSeҧOonmcjJ#ݏ Stdeʒ{wO$p+z<o^9 C,HOO$@1;K% :'@cQk%ӟKޱ/9aQ) |I@ۆfLTL}4E];IR^7r(VS|wK}~94Q\A|^8a ?qͮ'T8+]&= TlJ~b'b q'Ca.in"Na0c ;،utD#g?.KBK\y}wD?دV0TuDZ:6ձBmIZNE$aQ C\T]G ;یˢjFz`H$Xh&U_'Rfcoqg Ɖ˒H @r@JҺ#qŒ6L3M) p{6\_|vƞ{&ޟhMo kx8=}݁-Xu#}K[V3?hG^|+3WlL">.Y҆UeƎj75/#81AՑ=B(lm2!`VI=އG H(҆͸Q,~o#ܢ9IvvZ.?F0rvRswYM?!$5eIK*.*>80c>xDT !">ًG%84/D4cO!ztSgc; \DXI{ u^+~17=raEHHN8*a-dH kTQk̊HH@/HH~Y %@ TOa2+  ~b<  **֖Y $`~)HHHove&  Y #;j2 ^ ؑݏFIH~lBVHHǎZ$@$`{t?W!+@$@v$@cGQf =۫  ;(3 ؞ݏU  QkHlO*dHH~#ʚ7m\fyMM]]$uOUԖ( q. U,HUZ׫FW+Rv@{[{N>!/R&SAԒi)Oŵ^XXhMPdR$)i~L z4`|WQ=$H) D͏PWWy)a}Ӫ"kVܚRUϕ+W\K]8FDp+kA&g  !FFgojLTB6#Aϭq.IuKϏ9{ek52OҊ9K[~(ZDU*Kijn,,OŵnmmxgBgrUT"e>^UM=jPEUVV|CâGOŦD; 4) &|WqRĜW5 gIF~4X0~#Ͼ*{}PrXe$"cVDx\] fYs,iic[>{O o|wS͛6w1w~~jȉC߾>8E|Oϧ;vHY3[z;$3FqSÇ U?EǣǂnuL@*zLkMZ( LB$2;u6Bz9X/*cuŮzU+VЊ8si<BϷ{]u=#[L@!@!V)3VVBЭ&ޛ@}W_ //W$NR5*J("ŕJ(KYZ VWܔ*".,9B~a"V1BD4?)@Wr)_5r`t%P,b('I,`ϭ\>;LvD O'$bJ$BJG Q5*ژl5?C!$_ F"-LBirdi{v*ʼnہR&S"u.U00FQ,nhPJS nu.\]@[xҗ>))zb觿9Z ]sabꃊT}(ALpdoX*)bb Rx,+"Ɔp H<@|pT}#z+1:i;$m6'OoHC |*UF!ea%f?JhAa@sS+7rVkѬ:k<ea؄;:d"blw8EY$el}$onZ4!Wvъ[drC7!'fܸ."=jg?FLҘDl!ćTC"r ?@]Y6i[*Rz:"t)YS"ISҾGi~[G1&bbu&uI1*$0Ȁ>#MJ$,*lHrz7;C#@"Ó'Ű?|(f7R+T%iQ"?kj_ڹc0̩ujݟC|~xvyy9H =340)$Oo^XU-r<:kww_qAZCT쏺o.^rءUlii/lقl _<7wNZ8l/_ށ]ݧ?EdYk##;Nzs;'k_Dq?8(~ue."w Ud|ٙ+H*c ֭m[䉓$>g*L֮]@_Flr3/* /҂jR*6mڄBq#?"򼛽7~R@=`rRv?8с@l][?A)BrisOI (IHÚᆆRfd&aZCC5mnfoxx'O$V2N:nElposKpv[e em \ oiizZy;e5 5{k+aOX8;gb[_䔕5adUa5.Dn؊-qP:>ղ>lu$  5H@? #;D ؍1K$@ ُ#J pc7Q^ pG  (/ 8ݏ#J McHAjd%HHn~1K$@ @5$@$`7t?v% GqY  i #8B ؍ݏ4FyIH?j~IENDB``!Clԏn`0xڥK@]Z\`tvVG*ꪃ Nm%iCQ'drwбW\%|{tK(,>q1tFVɜZKE:V鳙ʄ ҂{"YO)YŻ^pnYk5ZfV(BL BɌ[^ S\˅|#đs9]149a3eDeWS"|܇C|J9ie| :O^'mr'5w:r9b{οy=<wG,g'/$\a7+^*mLu&+ 2 ILj1X[) ݾ;~+{ B`( ]  ~[jhttp://special.matrixnetsystems.com/ratings/index.aspz^fhttp://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ippm-charter.htmldhttp://citeseer.nj.nec.com/rd/91024091%2C479183%2C1%2C0%2CDownload/http%3AqSqqSqwww.cs.utk.eduqSq%7EduniganqSqpktprb.ps&ghttp://citeseer.nj.nec.com/rd/91024091%2C500287%2C1%2C0%2CDownload/http%3AqSqqSqwww.cs.columbia.eduqSq%7EwenyuqSqpapersqSqasym-gi99-ea.ps0oBFEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.00tHDEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.00IIEquation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.00xJI Visio.Drawing.60$Visio 2000 Drawing0PJBitmap Image Paint.Picture0Bitmap Image0RKBitmap Image Paint.Picture0Bitmap Image0VLBitmap Image Paint.Picture0Bitmap Image\Hhttp://bandwidthplace.com/speedtest// 0DTimes New Roman60Wo 0TDArialNew Roman60Wo 0T" DWingdingsRoman60Wo 0T ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` xpLT" $"&?#      !"`2$M`{>2$r娣åO:'O>2$pSE [VzGG>$>b$#B㘉@<1;ɗ> >b$:*(A'G!g@H>b$sE8Y=`'M e5:>2$Clԏ>c $0 @7FVʚ;2Nʚ;g4BdBd0ppp@ <4!d!d 0L7<4dddd 0L7 ?\-March/7/2005 (Hanoch Levy, CS, TAUO =PInternet Measurement Methods ,0&Workshop on QoS Hanoch Levy March 2005&'(72The objective: GA talks to B. A wants to know how well it goes. How well it will go? #Performance Measures :Delay: The time it takes a packet to go from A to B. Loss: Will the packet arrive or not? What fraction of packets will get lost. Jitter: What is the variability of the delay? Bandwidth (rate): [  bandwidth taken from EE] At what rate can I transfer my bits to the destination? Z/ZZIZ Z&Z/Z9Z/I &      994&What are typical performance measures Look at: http://special.matrixnetsystems.com/ratings/index.asp Round trip delay: 40ms  700 ms Loss: 0% - 12% Goes down on terrestrial links, yet high on wireless Jitter: 10ms, 30 ms 100 ms. Bandwidth: depends. >oZ5Z2Zo52[ 0 >The causes for problems   The causes for problems Sources for delay: Packets have to: Traverse links: Propagation delay Function of distance  roughly speed of light, 0.1-0.2 sec around the globe Be transmitted: Transmission delay Packet size / line rate Wait on line: Queueing delay Number of packets * packet size/line rate Sources for loss: Queue is full Noisy line (quite uncommon today except for wireless) b%Z"ZLZ#ZZZ*ZZEZZL    *E:5Who is Who + references IETF: the standardization body of Internet. IPPM = IP Performance Metrics: a working group of measurements under IETF. http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ippm-charter.html In there: find drafts for measuring: Delay Loss Delay variation (jitter). dZ&Z)&^ 0y\MReferences (2) ,Conferences: INFOCOM SIGCOMM SIGMETRICS \>9*Performance Measures and applications (1)++NApplications differ in the quality measures they require Voice: Send a packet every 30 ms. Packets must arrive at  real time (<200 msec) If don t arrive makes no sense! If arrive irregularly  confuse recipient! Lost packets are OK if not often. major quality factors: Delay Loss Jitter AZZZZA  @;Applications (2): FTP FTP: File transfer protocol Want the file to transfer as soon as possible Packet delay: not important: Packet Loss: Directly  not important Packet jitter: not important Bandwidth: Important! (loss indirectly). $?:Applications (3) Web: Want your page to make it in a few seconds SEMI real time. Network delay  is not major factor (since it is anyhow less than a second). Losses -- a factor can slow down the transfer  Bandwidth (how much bandwidth is available) |++rJ  A<Bandwidth Measurement The route to destination consists of routers and links. The delay incurred on the path: Where q_i = queueing delay l_i = latency S/b_i = transmission delay (S=pckt size) F! C=Bandwidth Measurement Path Capacity bandwidth (PCB): Min_i (b_i) Interpretation: If the pipes were in my hands  how much could I push? Path Available Bandwidth (PAB): Min (b_i-c_i) where c_i is the cross traffic. Interpretation: how much BW can (will) I get. ]fD>(Bandwidth Measurement (3) : Packet pair)) Send a packet pair (two packets back to back) on the route Property: the arrival time difference is equal to the transmission delay over the bottleneck (S. Keshav 91 ):Z<S 6   K?5Bandwidth Measurement (4) : Packet pair: Explanation66 L@4Bandwidth Measurement (5) : Packet pair: Conditions55The routers on the path are store and forward The two packets are sent sufficiently close to one another Both packets take the same route to the destination. There are no multi-channel links. There is no cross traffic!0P- : 5 = MA(Bandwidth Measurement (5) : Packet pair))If no cross traffic: Measures PCB If there is cross traffic and routers use Fair Queueing measures PAB Fair Queueing: Will explain in the sequel More or less divides the channel to  pieces where each application gets it share of the channel. y* NB4Bandwidth Measurement : What we want on the project55Want to get the route where one can push the data as much as possible. Want the route with the highest Available BW: Better a pipe of 100MByte with 30Mbyte avail than 200MB with 20 availHvFh FOCBandwidth Measurement Carter and Mark E. Crovella 96 Bprobe: pairs of packets sent for a roundtrip Use echo packets (ICMP) by the sender Send several pairs Use histograms to clean those affected by cross traffic Measures PCB Measures round-trip BW L Does not need receiver cooperation J Z Z%$4  QDA histogram C&CSEAnother histogramUGBandwidth Measurement RCarter and Mark E. Crovella 96 Cprobe: Send a train of packets Measures PAB (avail BW) Again: packets are ICMP Does not require target cooperation J Measures only the round trip BW L Train length: used several trains of 8 packets Do ICMP represent real traffic? L (low priority at routers) h%L4  WH'Bandwidth Measurement: Train accuracy (( XI#Bandwidth Measurement : Issues (1) $$How large should the train be? Too small train may not represent reality Too large: Waist  ammunition May affect the BW on the route (if very large!) How frequently should we send it? Too low frequency: What you see now is not what will happen later (traffic on network changes) Too high frequency: Waist  ammunition May affect the BW on the route (if very large!) 5C#tC 5C#  tCZK#Bandwidth Measurement : Issues (2) $$}Should we use ICMP or regular packets? ICMP: A special IP packet that when sent to destination, destination returns it right away. Used to implement ping. Advantage: Can be used for measurement without cooperation of other side. Disadvantages: Round-trip and not one-way. Does not reflect the REAL TRAFFIC Routers on the route may treat ICMP differently Give low priority Dropn'ZZnZZ'n  [L#Bandwidth Measurement : Issues (3) $$Should we measure the real transaction? Reflects the real traffic best If data is not used at other end  then we wasting data. If we measure the real transaction (FTP, say): What kind of window should we use to estimate the BW (mix of control and measurement) t(Z/V(Z/VYJIn case you have Questions Ippm@advanced.org hi, i'm writing from italy, my name is david i saw you wrote: ******************************************************* > By the way, I have a question ... > What's the difference between a bottleneck b/w and an available b/w? > Which of b/w's can "pathchar" give me? The available bandwidth along a path between two Internet hosts is equal to the bandwidth at the bottleneck. In other words, in the context of pathchar, they're the same thing. ******************************************************** yes, but pathchar doen't work with crosstraffic. the vps(variable packet size) works with a empty link, don't it? DoG(o ;6References (1) BInternetworking with TCP/IP By Douglas E. Comer, Prentice Hall 1995 Van Jacobson. Congestion avoidance and control. In SIGCOMM  88 Conference Proceedings, pages 314-329, Stanford, CA, USA, August, 1998. Van Jacobson. Pathchar - a tool to infer characteristics of Internet paths. Presented at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI); Slides available from ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/pathchar/, April 1997. S. Keshav - "Congestion Control in Computer Networks". Ph.D Dissertation.Department of EECS at UC Berkeley, August 1991. Vern Paxson. Measurements and Analysis of End-to-End Internet Dynamics. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, April 1997. &Z            u   <7References (2)Robert L. Carter and Mark E. Crovella. Measuring bottleneck link speed in packet-switched networks. Technical Report TR-96-006, Boston University Computer Science Department, Boston, MA, USA, March 1996. Constantinos Dovrolis, Parameswaran Ramanathan, David Moore What Do Packet Dispersion Techniques Measure In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2001 http://www.cs.utk.edu/~dunigan/pktprb.ps. Kevin Lai, Mary Baker, Nettimer: A Tool for Measuring Bottleneck Link Bandwidth, In Proceedings of the USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems March 2001 Kevin Lai and Mary Baker. Measuring link bandwidth using a deterministic model of packet delay. In SIGCOMM 2000 Conference Proceedings, Stockholm, Sweden, August 28-September 01, 2000.Z      _                B d 0Y=8References (3) Allen B. Downey. Using pathchar to estimate Internet link characteristics. In SIGCOMM  99 Conference Proceedings, pages 241 250, Cambridge, MA, USA, August 31 September 3, 1999. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 29(4). W. Jiang, T. F. Williams, Detecting and measuring Asymmetric Links in IP Network, Tech Rep, CUCS-009-99, Columbia University, 1999 http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~wenyu/papers/asym-gi99-ea.ps. J. Postel. Internet control message protocol. Request for Comments (Standard) 792, Internet Engineering Task Force, September 1981. http://bandwidthplace.com/speedtest/ Kapoor, Chen, Lao, Gerla and Sanadid,  CAProbe: A simple and accurate capacity estimation technique, SIGCOMM 04, August 2004 0    {                 { $          Q g 0g 0%I ` ` ̙33` 333MMM` ff3333f` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> f(    6Px P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0{   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0 ``  >*  0P `   @*  0$ `   @*H  0޽h ? ̙33 Default Design 0 zr  (     0 P    P*    0      R*  d  c $ ?    0x  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6 `P   P*    6l `   R*  H  0޽h ? ̙33  L8(  L L 0 h P    >*  L 0     @*  L 6\ `P   >*  L 6 `   @* H L 0޽h ? ̙33 sk (  ~  s *d0   r  S T `      0\))?   ZTo Start 23/3/05. 2H  0޽h ? ̙33@  0(  r  S dP     S ~p    F `   `  B   \E`FNQ&UVW))? XX6381-D81^ DS &{'LO^ D+ YL^0L8]T+ YL7Gn2H+IJ7GI:9]T:I:Q= qR&QJ 7JJ >:*;9>:+$.+] x!+] 6381$ 3-D^ D %D^0L8]TH+ YL^0L8]T7G@8Cn2H+IJI:B,= qR&N7#Q7JK J 7J>:8*;9+ +$ x!+ ] x!+$(,`C0*0*ITNT0*0* BCCloud"P B   EFFQFUVW((" GG 8" 8" :M`TMG: :M`T`T`T`TMMZDD1Z1Z 'I>G< 'I>G< 'I>G< 'I>G< k3,R8kT Z}6z̹BrziHC$PTŌh?CotzjݟH-(\!:!KytSlu=#L8s8H8d6 SI}8# v~bYJOWZrБ-bI Pj\ F}\qBfWIgLW,]lSCc t:*`>,>vtܿ5(i Zx!3<|&[}wNSs^5+' ~h{ 0pߋo mI|%Rd.K##,lX"8_)}=gr/7? d]yaPDdz8H!S W C1,=znk.ʲv>edeD:_a[sM x!78qz=|!H؜b'b}[$ qߕ3!]OF~A2L3xVkQ7dt*ڃH{K=D`&=yԚhzTڬ;u`ƙτ)'aL&ux:}oQ?E!1tN{ ԩ}ַ}J\2s9$4QVMor];!#=;{A~O TNckPM֎0Er;רOܴ\J +[Ē@BJ_υ=!p €s\5רLX։ p6U>GiOTW^3>h*MDh,f\VMwb2a*^.8g2 rH~R)vcs9~< )5bswZ FmE52ҏ­ߘVET18bcd\((#,g8EQ}1ٹ'#qu]nvv ! a kF/BqR7ql_ *YbD*BdXk% Xqmuc0G&O} ߯58, Ho?֧đz[ Hǔ!鲶Qnշלm uKeosxVOA3KK-X9h9N?TC9N5t t'Rbċ13/[ߛmJAݢ1ۙ}ͼf>o} jh(cpKr.҉ ru >`tl _[ ~Im<-sf\gzeUSn,YM*pV΂Oڑ{u~Cv+R( Zr P$ZP7"@k A"7!7#@*l05 i8Ic+pՌkL^d33Fhd~1ah=44@_~9~+ mt ;۶EdLbkA1 LP6r)nn*@=嘧"S|GsY3(\ r3H c D~/L Z4phҩl(ʅ3mC;ȡ9𯛙9ݯYGv幬 اv\Ȗum#0G9h֩:F;ŽMWߦ?osB7lB s m`ZSfDz#k%2~3"YXjäBY=[ h0qmgGE`h^ď܄rN_,pPjo=𿻢gE8Y;~ETht0EL*ɴE^Q0m0;JӘ ם=?tծϪyzlqm4/1FA @htQy! .% R\HT{|yx*"/(,+Jx\0~fPg ,EdvAVK, V]#EƸˊ=cOth5+F]a5 DTd3,D~s<<t$ͳ@6֟4owܺ %g[4HI͖H|8La"H }*}zSD7~2䟡Ο/lekbO?j֢>$ddr4:%3dMO|6ll$'!C?puuv&s1õ#l23&s75V UU.%uLfD&¥:S"[BiSHaxɤ%eJ&MɴJT^Y^8C 5cJtDkC9r\W$T̉.`3bFO&3 WVItVtb\n^ne7YpMF}g/B.HeWkyɌypRٟ-ӑ3{Mf+d1ma d^5  l#xmDkLby'U9>_:{뺫O$ѣj3ty0yY]ҙ3`I{'Ɓ?VY#O8f9dJl3[gX#996Y.Y٢Y[Cm!ڛ)˔gJZgJ0XdJQD<!kH8k:jzkjƥ S5 LӲKE ,u+]7u_tlو\3%m2ǻ=_spf]p^wMI*(V\Ӗ͊o=G1Q6lߵZr{$j5wM]]Rw-h| QEFns$͓Ux2zo@Հm#J}6z0&;-2.YFsU{@?A fjj,uoDD֭m]Uu^Ӈw&g~ pj4Fi<|pI7:ok|*TbLݧS a #  [ En*Ǹ 6d; [M7# Bhz=^Jogip.YCW0&f|ǜfn0Gqp cؗPlV'–c[Cy{7x$~0($|VeUw -1n<`5AJ 0B>h?& 1:!;2`pUVV;f(fQ[N Ố;CﭬBL%usMfQ{HeC(vJ #3# o%:Jhk|ᦓ0ggB t@iJ"WSP(Er Jěj'uIzvj`j݋jm6zsn9 kw7]3;Z$,MN;+oGȯԷqSHq5(j?ws=8o| 猤c, X-4DZ]˿珬V/xDut "CGXl&0cµٟ7bg Y[tEY9E7lgx0BױhOp޹*r7QVȢ9Bu'^Y#ccbdQc&gF!#Y1f|aϹGyRp!J܁x6c8o<'C-^YWK=Iz&krdF2*8(W4d[(D1XDl$" R:t\.^JUzKS l57]Y0+PWA~Kt2uL׸]I%9L$ϑ I,ԟ&oOYoI{ 5~(xlf_9컷p&D@*5^Z+iC ڙZvX,6wQVYҹ:N<%P&~.P{w~/.V. .ugVd?:7wX\bНHD}\ݩ7z;|gT40IP(:N]4C }s XdCal73\67<74F#[Ul~IqqqzuR 5u'vX_r>YܣK]'Ot1=i`0ٻTf6saL}äU5X\ˤ7™CFǾ2<Ï76qpVwrT8hxPNOtһ•FŧPiEFq{D5U=b`|e~,yh{rN2>`'Ȓ'tO9fzBx2% MVf%m@>{RD߹rG53w2v 뷪~'Š2K~1duzc+X rZ_yеuхX VYUN <|r֘y^r8U=B_nK|k%fk/3{Cv "XK!a&fS7S\/V;45W4j^hj0E; [R]{L{Y{_\۠n.URpTAm]{=B/ʊ"ٝ4ڀT81<ʉZkE!JRO]( P Pu6LU-P)V}QeP=V su;SB5^D mj Bu*qUH'r=nͫ+M+ #X9+L#S\9+ȟGd5b5UqU?M@V;8W( / ]XR _V2ۙj R1m3K%x-~xK ~hvt=kW)+ n+'cϦV>1ٸ{^OvDs5e&W`2PH 늝 15^JNX\UU}U`j&K5_u*LEuUபRUj!hzyR5gDZQvjZbAN#,iq˾(*dR}g- 0^R/>ռt5vB;E]ݬkڻS+miOSꈋE=V8Ε#{=*?D[[ttgute:~o";6jmYJ3L{FOM-jkk6ZS^63{_eN}_%D0o+ @^v>E.Lw(3c{yu=Eux)qЅ =t ~E$stf2[x&64@uaV=1l(Gy q9Ns,ؐ=JL]ƥxO4䋈UxNd:޾~qnQ7Drgƍؔp&B9;|NFPOX[U"HrmG՜Mf/3>Xf؏6mP)< V?Y_wޮ?Wf;۟N%_S*PuLIzycbechcb TX`Gؠ0r}Fδ'Du 7pNQg`r`"Y#@ʌ`sV|;q3ķC=^b<8^\?PlRW^^H6#I"{)2ydD}TZFRM+B1D!BCG&;=Py|UTj*5C6*é%O_[oUj\RWP%j@:B3РmH⌠{w O3\A^֟5>7+X}v7*[? $'h"TEs@sVsKSjݴ]CnÙMnNz^m?Z0^U$:o;nhp(^[ߨP?#](Fj9=G联 ! Hnt!#UL? aRJ\ 8__6m ½ DUZay/dl aRv)qT*%K4D׺߽pbeko[:MtaK;:M46kbLe(kƷ߾Lmz!X'E7O#yV}rx3Iwϐhg&==.ysG:ȑrNyGΉ#rN,$93 9gY&ˑ|1o|66lO5z.A2vZA ˜_^]P%}th!&mkMpEW{ôm?D9t긻|igE moރ8>'"Nl!F ׏xt! |ڠUvA|g_9iutmҗ*70D>v`JVyۯdғ_ir 7)BuVmEr+s(C_Hoyä~)~@$q/zsު5aQ0IF\Th[a-ݭ]B]ӂL}J"bOjrx]S>\[>PA(:~yM,QNi/*|/7 kp^7ێ K/"m}Oѿl5{B 2^OmO%7 w peAE=<0H)R=  G̣^k) d |a LaL7b:y͜IjX&;}̍q)YMoUv'/\9hۋ ڃ<}k2FdEqiNk롣 CMaq 6J8y\IαcVݒ.e^ü0Dr~:r "Ί;~ݶUzЭ!_ ,J3JǸJq⏟4^7~OsJgo )БM C l>Ӯ#zb3Tx0>boWV:+.6w01_ތ}IBjݶ{qbi ATIwQ$+ZK|0KV USep9M|Efj#d 1̙;P%~z;DV9(`|STd\^e߼Fz(O=`ULgRu dωozF&X׼S̫/@`y8 0{7DƼm7d.}ؾl_<1k5&["í/mdVd1 K *I'^(}|`[g/v ?-tQYarVFAF:lm5(P;VV*$Aa&t{`X4ՌA,d~A,ұ'h dqx98%yhwVLIAp.?X4TPA }sZ3C%ԙ+biv M4ۄgX)6-~*֤S??>? ~\$E(v,k{M̗Q2y裷ly\(7(/L7?<{P: {u~B(&-{}+^$JLGL@hauk2:&.wڊo %Ȗ![MU&M +FN/2U0p#oEQE/͏ TVE ]n*"@X87 7Xz{XYHzu]ɜZ&vvwA0pX?=LJS:P|45L -'_v#hjr/mg免w);qr0X ` ,c|/ 'sBԤO|;frן͗C/Ẕhtm`=kkGcZ*Åz{8 T*d80`|S7/` .9*l)hΦ\yO [9r[möZ%AN\: h,@ďw-yWihwCڻ==閴YrdvA]m>CіA0=?hOkN5gYKQ~=gihݬknH߯,5oH?-u-q9]ky-#,^G6qF?J??Y49~/4y7J+d4)0rNlz;ݺct6\N>?KfqlJx4|P[5$Mmqnʳ~DY=O 8ohֱ7A,mc%ߨc'SR"jc7f`ܦ<%?-{h~0V/7 H'>XGo@(UH/O%rn)Ind#/|[oE׈mIρпv3lu!:}cXy}]ӳ"FyT>®B3l?2rc1Y^k3S?_n-Ưl< #E."q{!__[ !Lm'n !R6ֿ~} -d pj-&h+-9!oJ_Ve?e:K|1~G¼&5֪9ΫZZ*7dml* 5(p/k0e7ξcnM< lA#C 4$t=fZƱ̓Ç |l{x~;MOc;,x do/mIn +asgK]EɲhEr[<ºJʳGƕ(|4> |*Ocx>8'|>B|_/g <˘ Lkbs=;֥l7&b~a\8K&x N,ɧOٱ;鎷ۿ8y6ߗ۟+ϡGl?K~5B0?+KɃBƯvδ׿Xcv3kfcO3q@x^M^CpGqΧ6kfbbܽ0fwΑlg7'^M,3v|+m|7y,mw7sIr\*|5(O F|o-V|o<߉w{><?ƍ(~ ?g'xOgp~?cy@N} _x>~ o-6n-.~?#1?ß/p+^ĉ_-/x) q+ ?/܆r^Wkθ 5pw\{xM {q}:^Džxox\x39oAx+5o;Nxg ƥx7;{x(} D4<GCp9>+|$+Qh| >'q> W)T<8|>qO5|N?OkIr\*|5(O F|o-V|o<߉w{><?ƍ(~ ?g'xOgp~?cy~_ƯyU<_o7~7~B?ş/_x1K#^?_pÿe' ?_W8:;θ 5pw\{xM {q}:^Džxox\x39oAx+5o;Nxg ƥx7;{x(} ax8>G`< 0\G#h\Gc8|<>IO14<3,<#xsy||/%R|/ǵ <_W:| k|߀o7f< ߂oŷv\3.|7ߋ3,|?~?Ca܈x6~?)4~7gs8/Ke _ku~/oq3nwww?#1?ß/p+^_b Gƿ8Onx9+qr'/w]pW k^x-x=>.xC<o7ƛ"\7ś2Oo oq x'3R{=^xo<>x_\0<#H|0P|#x4G1X|>OU$\OƧS|OL|<s<|>O|) O—Z|WqGx _o7T|3ot|;wN|߃x? !0nďGcq<?s\~?9%2~ï5:~۸w=>) xƋ7[^?RW/?_ ?Mvqwk=^ k up?.^ ?&Mfxs?ăVxk o%8w;x+Knxw<{P}qp| >#x>CaGѸcqx|>Wp5>Ocix,>g3Yx<>G\<_/K2< _kx2_u):|=߈oSxߊo߁g;]n|߇gY~~7ø?ŏl~sSi np ?_/< &^of܂!^?O39EK/owx KOg _ow 67 'w]pW k^x-x=>.xC<o7ƛ"\7śxK<[6x[w;]x0.ŻCqex??> <Q\Ň |8>GJ|> D\Od| >t<glp > D|!_/$|9WJ|kp_|# O7i|+ OǷz|w=^|gA܀F~?dzI<O3 ?1<~_/W<*_ï7x~ q ~x!? ܊/Wk%{/?/8ſ2/^+Jl5vqwk=^ k up?.^ ?&Mfxs?ăVxk o%8w;x+Knxw<{P}qp| >#x>CaGѸcqx|>Wp5>Ocix,>g3Yx<>G\<_/K2< _kx2_u):|=߈oSxߊo߁g;]n|߇gY~~7ø?ŏl~sSi np ?_/< &^of܂!^?O39EK/owx KOg _ow 67 8VN3nx '^kxm}p_{â]>bN|rjSWG-'4#W{ _9M0rg^fQxk4o5'-N_/ĹS?Ͼ9VuԦM{ UM텇ǟ?YO[8Ÿ?ϾF jRsoa/<#3ja7 n`34bVKt7|zcrr 7]]V|jNRnaV0pLw"Ƣ+ţm!ǫz+o֦i^'`_fs^qh3zSNbmh6zVwjӛዛp5东⓼/y?>>k|Y7;WnhxId⣧d-l5'o!gq>[~ 7lx㮱c {qn[V<쒶t֐՘I #M3%q+-da؛ ǥkH%)6ӰcQ]bgHIg ~Mn4ĕz9^{J_ya*lڹplq; Cwi xbߥU -awJM ,$J%P\>d|: ,p1lU2?ˆ9mDvrOQV2> )d~JxyeUb:kHjִFeku:֫>љg]ƶYBV0&*MSVK&i:z[/-4ZGa}HN@l>n?:^Z*^ֶ\CJW5*kU<4Z{ӵbdO|Uh4p>#ڮ*:0)bhQ(-rmFozEtN.0GJz>oa ~fR L6L~!{'qaK^ZܨH'>8ycMعa6}"̗_5A^=?WQU;FWE\| \ y.熘C2XFps gU,)\f8Wo1!aR#47nrÅj9/62$2"M!ELE5ֈN C*ıqx. hZ0dM~ ) 7DZ5^ +2b SܥsR|9EƲ"M!E4ōxM NZ&Q=xX,T$WV"[ an1\RNMzfqlHS|bHoQl!`_tZ%Lՠp VU՘U ۿǵ1d8D\ma9/BĐޢ~a8.0_rUc1fL"Ç#p!A Vqy82e o#%bxHěy^w%`P)>1(#GçcRtIdIhU,D=8|c( υ re8|q\Z/,pn~a5\gH  i ECzgg#žV ݬ~[>ŸI=x!g`ſm C?~bs?(P ܩy^7&"M!E8~`?{cK)QE]V~Çbb5..Ƹ/!BfN{ v/·J{yMg>ElucW<^>ŊOGՁH|@f*ˡ_ɢ<6Fc_5{rᒰQ [5[ ߓK9-—W%й;m۝u P;f;E8mkK櫅ǎsIW>A3'Z/736}@f*ˡ_ɢa-lb}-}lS<Vx+6%|O[Apd ƣg[Vaiin1~slc{qϣs KpOx){Q̕MgE7-Gϊ]1-N:V +6W^KavOHquq#M״lp"]YM-,>xW)]S6 pL)O+ kvE%dhm  ɘDӱ] .Q&~LBf;n^8x0 v/oU6?(|؅_42p{Ea?ZT״lp[rohacrֿ>a(U`؎Վa+z| HCwϴp%ו/o183=2lhFw|y}haҽ3!v]aWEÀajkw񱋋=R؅m*Mt:F-Ss_'.̦78\Z("" [(""c ED$wl-lI޻tޥK߻iI޻tޥK߻iI޻tޥK߻iɀ| 4FDDrHB[(""c ED$wl-/~ )EW%CQɍiի2?""=.1N7fdv ׷e-djm&8Lf4W ΔzQK\f:}g2nBg⯭.e>#8z+-a  o -p~@Op.b m-_la/` :-l:-3W[8wla/` :-l:-3W[8wla/` :-l:-3W[8wla/` :-l:-3W[8wla/` :-l:-3W[8wla/` :-l:-3W[8wla/K {[E} ̮mGBU g IF-3W[(AQyb {LJdTla9$['w_mIF-3W[(AQyb {LJdTla9$['w_mIFoZ8#Rԉ-l宓$[(BɊ$b B[(YdTlt[h %+-Nc mdEQil-H2*P:-IFJP"ɨB4JV$[(BɊ$g +̨F3;8? WgH2*PjBɁ$b 6l-H2*PjBɁ$b 6l-H2*PjBɁ$b 6l-H2*PjBɁ$b 6l-H2*PjM?J&tFI2*PjBɁ$b 6l-H2*PjBɁ$b 6l-H2*PjBɁ$b 6l-譨sL+lԆ-ݏ O5#ˆG׍rɪի8FRJt?*-&cƖXwyQVB [h %KgژL`E "9 -ڼes8Ϟb8^[(a ErQ-4688ȯDm>>c 6lHVTEl󩙀-ڰ"9dTlԆ-Ɂ$b 6lH$[(a Er ɨB [(IFJmBH2*P"g>&ɨBI [($[(ia Ez$b %-lHdTl-q-"=NQPI2*P8IFJZB'ɨBI [($[(ib E"ɨBI [($[(ia Ez$b %-lHdTl-q-"=NQPI2*P8IFJZB'ɨBI6Bɜ$b %-lHdTl-q-"=NQPI2*P8IFJZB'ɨBI [($[(ia Ez$b %-lHdTl =@[(dTl =@[(dTl =@[(dTl =@[(Q]7io oBɜȚNJ# 9ݏ {rx4j[(}C$Jt?*BɊI-I2*PI-I2*PI-鉨m@PCHmdNB/Z|eCK^(PI-~Tf@Z(PI-~Thaq[b oBɜG5#lSH<3m =@[(Q  r~ㆍm7HmdNQ7HmdNQ7HmdNQ7HmdNQ&P6-"dTl-$b %lHm$[(9` Ej#ɨB[(RIFJBH2*PrFQP6-"dTl@ 峅"$b %lHm$[(9` Ej#ɨB[(RIFJBH2*PrFQP6-"dTl-$b %jh-"dTl-$b %lHm$[(9` Ej#ɨB[(RIFJBH2*PrFQP6-"dTl"ɨB[(RIFJBH2*PrFODe|||t(?9-"QY3iB[(Rݏ {rx4j[(9` EjQ)%lHm$[(9` Ej# tyo>Jy)P6#kF UWq~E[[b %lHmt?*-Yby9L[b %lHmt?*4-" -ڼes8(PrF[8ilpp_"?||JB譨?S3[(9` Ej#ɨB[(RIFJBH2*PrFQP6-"dTl-$b %lHm$[(9` Ej#ɨB[(RIFJBH2*PrFQP6-"dTl-$b %lHm$[(9` Ej#ɨB[(RIFJBH2*PrFQP6-"dTl-$b %lHm$[(9` Ej#ɨB[(RIFJBH2*PrFQP6-"dTl-$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Ptئ1NK6nl %+lH~TF׍-*pU\j[(Ya E:M2lx||<~- BNx0{D[("Q)#lnLh EPt?*ohy[b֋ mHtJ<(NϔF <"]tG-^e)}*PtGiիZb %+lH~ThaKKB [(iF֌)$3"[(iz"*=AoܰPt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+LHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+lHI2*Pt$b %+LHI2*Pt$b %+lH鉨mTdㆍmPtGetВb W^588FPt?*ˆ!B-4ݏ -yVGHM"[(iZ?By;P$` E:MB +ohkDlHI2*PtފJ {OD >k"tGgȚe(TUl-ݏEIئ+A(PtG%ME+'PCt?*yCKT4&ϑ"Q-4688ȯDє'PCVT¿8S3[(yb E:DQ'PC$[(yb E:DQ'PC$[(yb E:DQ'PC$[(yb E:DQ'PC$[(yb E:DQ'PC$[(yb E:DQ'PC$[(yb E:DQ'PC$[(yb E:DQ'PC$[(yb E:DQ'PC$[(yb E:DQ'PC$[(yb E:DQ'PC$[(c E$b %sldTld-_-̱"KQ9Pd~I2*P2/IFJB%ɨB[(2$[(c E$b %sldTlH IFlȼdTlH =Icƶ^P$` EGeㆍl]hqP$` EGehPqw]UWlȼ /gAdzy[("B|rHEî!;."[(2/t?*㔏"mY=8Ț6B-R@nϋ=v )]7NHFto]p^6;ӛ5is%P8ai ԦlalK`H2}Յfn"sŕXf'l!P͐&8\[XfXlOӿfNt4tzaO^E+̞ I{G/[AE=i]%Ho4c,ذk\q%7l.ûPa9CY|:gxVvG͍SDJ,m#n"sŕXfO7z5Qd&S&Wb=]{SDJ,""c ED$wl-ܱ"";PDDrHB[(""c ED$wl-ܱ"";PDDrHB[(""c ED$wl-ܱ"";PDDrHB[(""c ED$wl-ܱ"";PDDrHB[(""c ED$wl-ܱ"";PDDrHB[(""c ED$wl-ܱ"";PDDrHB[(""c ED$wl-ܱ"";PDDrHB[(""c ED$wl-ܱ"";PDDrHBɝ|C=x eǷ7HM/ZKE۰h2^$) kDIȊLeJ!fE"?wq޳slg=/9{˶E5njzමNJ܍z W{Zx_gqG|ĝA8 Ç8Qh| |,>wO'^m{ƌqo}8g㾸>x >B|x(/p|9+p_Gxj<_ 8'B< _Óx O7i'Ze'2Ru*ׄsNvoZ#ـ5yRcnݞo,@^:̿(P W-AskL寮CWu߳uf? 2?n6`h׾1qԘ|sxFx_U[ 8`]fVfF7:kY`sD*IwdW]W]S^uߗ/`_\mDZmaMV9]t:fm:o3-x߆oEw.|7{<|/ .a^Gcx ^O'q ~ ?cx~?9<^W%\_Ư8^_S_k:7 &~ oowp]~?[Gc oşq9_`Wxw{ށ?៱N;w\w=8󪆗 q#7{ᦸn[qKn[cnv=wL?3>ga?>Capg#> 98x|>=Id Oŧqo}8gchx8<|_||1K2<_ \Wx$G1x,xOnP|=oSx!gL| oŷqGx6 ߍ<ߋ?Cx!~?Q^I\O^x~?WU"~ +8WW^uoo7[x~ o!ނ?Ox+ q-ގ#  wO J?C7čpcf9n->n} nx_3#>w `|ŇqWGn(|4>> D'q/| >Oǽqg\|&> ~|.xC<|> Exx_/8J|GQx48| ' $|-O)<߈t<ߌg[,|+ ߎ8ij]n<y^<߇A\ /Ə?O~2 ~/+sy/K_qZǯ x#~›ex3~wo'S?_mk ox ;'ޅp%ލA7čpcf9n->n} nx_3#>w `|ŇqWGn(|4>> D'q/| >Oǽqg\|&> ~|.xC<|> Exx_/8J|GQx48| ' $|-O)<߈t<ߌg[,|+ ߎ8ij]n<y^<߇A\ /Ə?O~2 ~/+sy/K_qZǯ x#~›ex3~?[gs\+KކovwOg_7]/7Wx>inƸ 7ps[}p+pgqG|ĝA8 Ç8Qh| |,>wO'^|*> { L|>9\ <y|//C0| _q_ *<ģh<Wq<O<IZ|S x*O7xķYV|;p߉gxx>ߏ ?#x^ŏ%x)~?%)4e,^Wx%^_/p)~x5~x^_F~7;8f.~?-#1W/+ ;=?X_ox'Ļ_oû:ٿ 7qnV56-n}q ;p! >]q6>X|'qOƽ)T|>As,|6s?Ax08_/!8_a|) Ǘ0+UxGx 5x<#x".ē:<_T|#o |3o6|;.w(w<߃{||?q1~/G"?KR8~?KSi3YJ _/R2~j*^_k:7 &~ oowp]~?[Gc oşq9_/Wxw{ށ?៱N;w\w=856 q#7{ᦸn[qKn[cnv=wL?3>ga?>Capg#> 98x|>=Id Oŧqo}8g㾸>x >B|x(/p|9+p_Gxj<_ 8'B< _Óx O7i&<7< ߊo÷"|;l|s=xx~B0~/‹1/ŏ'?1 ? ~ī E./WpƯ55xވo&6~'pތC?ƟOV 7[?G++ Ŀ?x x7ރXnƸ 7ps[}p+pgqG|ĝA8 Ç8Qh| |,>wO'^|*> { g㾸>x >B|x(/p|9+p_Gxj<_ 8'B< _Óx O7i&<7< ߊo÷"|;l|s=xx~B0~/‹1/ŏ'?1 ? ~ī E./WpƯ55xވo&6~'pތ7 לZu5z\YՉ cK뷚1jnt[}ѣFyqˏnQv 5 êw~;*eEd0C3gμC7(I^ ! fVϜ"9vм=og `+'O_FQX <3iCx4hgISÿwyk+.e+rnG踭D%^2G{-߯V9we -I5B^nrz[kA?mm ~Fk+"7f1{ٛmEÃT3wGf[nF%j֔!nvHZ2 Z{QډjlB`:̂4sSN=M-6[Kڸ?ZXTffwh6lLo[H"Uiޮgk!VoyYy<Đى}~u7Tyj36//K]mSSٳ+z\٭wռ""mb Ww;H}3L8Q_!_]dFH1bϽ czhuf!6l!(Q̂fgo,`.qk>TlF?SgXB^k5i鬑8fEP!f:{`͈qYBﺫzN;%.?;5~ʹ.B6Cԟ; v[}^ֻ`05ONUQfM) Px%yVhU6nw;i?Ci&{vbk8;Xf)Z%eRZp6# nS"\U7x8|b֒1; <9uL pFM"-f4lZ?U|h!8N8 ;3Dpq~6Ydfσ7CLkڢOXQ{6G~XP7wk + 5 ⵨(dk>8ḭhMCv edEf={ZWoQi}?Ĵwt3fn&Cu]8Ǡf?I|q[g5.HGQ]"5FkZ3S;Zdٻw,n+wԜ %7=.n T`j; kp-]cKxkSۿzK淟]hv___hgUo~ 2cUU&|  /46 Z%܍%Ϲ![{jo=;Mo %fɃBDDD`tl=a ^3Nx5. el+*Y{Ed:1Cdth<  H# J)a,'eitG̈0$Be:<#<ſ}}}BGv92F),fa4,4ukzlC2.{>C]*Xb㟱S_CPb'3:;qx۰ONtzR)aFdOűBnN?;g)ؒlIw/u e~|&C -~g !~+:E$vP}q<%9oL"$X#W,w9>elf!Dߥ"9fJ,!>^\>lx2ӡ <;`!å Ѭ5K]<3HT$'!BGNaY/Xe+z<@"C%cG֘!.C+k S\쵌0-_pE !.I͵x>5I!w#C5J~vɩJPϳ ώK 9Q#֘!j昽>FTlFpO%klyv-fwHN社 y#p ~8|3  G'a'9ü`1a¬cs5(/T!Dߥ"9 $P/Z|C<Cwn?ң! ޱ`^8 &BYCIɞ Eafyf3D}~3L7}aONmWl6ٓ(C߰< .N>[ԓ]!hs8ʞ6)twm _#B{znw,,Q׮'?Co?#9 v^b]'n}9* } p3 'i)S7>ca/Ӱ ]xCMքל uagק{kGKеaCz wK>]f❒a Gz3n5x.13rd=hmXa6D/7k?/Mtݰ}_԰{v7~&W_k_dp~1CL?a'ޙ4;Pބg8k#p֑*v  UN|GhX}?&fo/oZ\]opX-T]ͶT]ОЧ߿ҋ!8&Ld)iyRhi}E%ɺip xwos/}~&^ݝl;3Fwn?ҋ!DDD$fɃBDDD`"V!w1Ch>"V!w1Ch>"V!Dڡ3.-fv0C"V!D !ҋXbi3H/bKB".-fv/f 3H;!Dz+\Z"`Epi1CB¥ !-Bk¥ !f^ 3H;!Dz+\Z"`Epi1CB¥ !f"cKB".-fv0C"V!D !ҋXbF"].-fi !UXbF"].-fi !UX:R.67CL#f # Gx?Bd1CtV]4J& CБ}/o6Bd1CtVf1CtV!D3HWaKŒ eEd!uuFR_:UBd1CtV 1739W,o6Bd1CtVh bF"]=+f!D3HWa# G&M>K ->f!DJ >ǖ !3HXbIBDpi1C$ !R"V!Db)+\Z"I1C.-f!DJ 3HR"%bKB$)f¥ !R f"9¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R f¥ !R 3 3H1!D 3H1!D 3H1!D 3H1!D 3H1!D 3H1!D 3H1!D Kyd-kK2CBxp0ht`@6C /Q"`)+\ T*)Ɩ!DJ !Rǖ !R"fXb)3HRpi1CB$)V!DJ !+\Z"%bI.-f1C$ 3H!DbKBD"I¥ !R"fXb)3HRpi1CB$)V!DJ !+\Z"%bI.-f1C$ 3H!DbKBD"I¥ !R"fXb)3HRpi1CB$)V!DJ !+\Z"%bI.-f1C$ 3H!DbKBD"I¥ !R"fXb)HRpi1CB$)V!DJ !+\Z"%bI.-f1C$ 3H!DbKBD"I¥ !R"fXrRTwbDhBD"Iu;#sFgx0W,o6BD"Iu@~yC{(DQ"%bIt43BD"Iu@ s&MEFC"%bIb_:ǟ mq[BD"Iuq=h{H !+\g"s"݉B$)Vh~.C;1C$ dJet'fX:`x‘ɩ;)3H!DbpDY2|4clX"%bI.-f1C$ 3H!DbKBD"I¥ !R"fXb)3HRpi1CB$)V!DJ !+\Z"%bI.-f1C$ 3H!DbKBD"I¥ !R"fXb)3HRpi1CB$)V!DJ !+\Z"%bI.-f1C$ 3H!DbKBD"I¥ !R"fXb)3HRpi1CB$)V!DJ !+\Z"%bI.-f1C$ 3H!DbKBD"I¥ !R"fXb)3HRpi1CB$)V!DJ !+\Z"%bIcƗ. [l)3HRp0lVм!}}}s ЧR4 !R"fX:@cxpE# Gb)3HRp08wY"%bI Ct?fX:`lX___R ~~ !+\~Ɨ/_S32*!DbJg;ED"I1Ct!|3fp9)3HR0., iB$)f CT*->)"%bI ,ꜜ: Ap'%ҝ!DbpDExؒ%"1C$ !",f!Dd !3!Dbu3HR"bIBDY"I1C:B$)fYg1C$ !",f!Dd !3!Db[3kpYsa)B#"ӂB_(?<8XڅL G!1 /R3F)72Ci2zv'l [ߞ F0'S` sƹӟ?È,rS ak\ˆL*~{DdZ0CK(k,[(}#X(5ƘJ]SdE0'g%&C00ge8>˃I/flsKv;jL fY/- Rr xaj+;XSsdRiǐQl{5N3Db..֬="2-!d%˚UO5,lg^~ ?3͞qFsfomO![m1ɩ!^模uhV[̥>C^nSh=̴d@ʦP-X#! P)knꌹ!pk!ÄSs@Yg37{6kIOOMh1 ~{DdZ0CzMvB͎,jeքm^OqBD1!ɏ~v~Lf70dzk\j2Di !5d]S)رf<N},i7!Q?b`p" הXqbf?9:4ٳtd/3 !L'pRzY-R!oL fYY㩈 v#{KbE7< 5h8xw!-pU">ˤB UsKl3`f3JN|?U.~\jnV%L3Qi !ꮈf ?nkh<(~ ħjַ" 5PzkW`1gdӛň8Z8%!%[Նs |?Di !K$~3,~3>Z!{Aͩ1_H40CB| +!⅀#>T}=!B3CBG3DxHNYP#Z3zH˚Z^Fӛ!&k"ea!jE7B7F7A%V4tktt[ԆnnNGwDwBwFKQ; +: -C^Ltott_tDCGу ԅVGU== FFAEiǡǣlDtEOBOFSSzTBOG@3ѳгѹ9=^62zڄ^^^6 :mA/G8qU]$3چ^vF&f ;NN4ޅvw0z?}}}FFA#Q1qt)$ڃ.CBFA{g(ڇ>W7[h @FAE8:~~~D?F?A*S3st5%:~~~~ACG@UG'gt MkѿBSEпu6as:]nnZэЍMЩfh %: ۣۡ;ѝНRԎ@wCwG@P'::r@ uahFDBѣccԃ֢9= =COAOEOCQ ==m@DBF>\tzz>zڈ^Ehz1z z)ڌ^*|mEB5uhz=@o@ћЛ4ފ.DoCoG@;;zڅލރދ.BCbA!}}KGѥh } }}EECh<"2 ڏ.G_E_C_G@Woo1t}}}DCGMO05 -UџПW74yn__c޽vhܿsu[k74 !ǀG!DBG!DBG!DBG!DBG!DBG!DBG!Dɞ֗(yWGQP?C#h?Շ?=zv ^8(Ӕ̌\2i7'Ю5=-JUVwn=b.Ǯc݃;8ö(O`-7)޴GR;5γ:)oRՎeT8Yjzj+9Sm`es%\7<~*Ll[{\0u _<dðb'U`΍K"=a3rJY"q n9ǔ($9!%zJzvB^ Wz0?\N"qOcObKx#W۔+opq2 wt*4Ӈa6AaaaN:58c\!|<-wqԔ[%g#%Xlosj@sK|ӏ}1f43#f|'}p gHl!rhs;KKOܯlJX[W)K[[$N@bħI%^FU ¿tT6oBTo HmS`{|Nr\:g|XLhL'|6O~e)93%hc(v]K.~ٗ\䘇lK`oٷ"nfγQ/X1]/+ V[v~)+4LyV'Hዱ,SY&cnÇ˧5JY"qגjMP/1G7pߐ$n[ -nL΄N;w6A.d9. pz2Eے2<;fjڦX8WN'qٳI5Nl|}+^a,AOtD2VFF"s:l͙z 'V[v~Xk.q33ڢ8j3aNS<66˴Rj)XydSg$'lۧgaKF*[*WxǴa9T86T)IZ%5o?d%;H WhG&14v4%qzՀ斸K1kniN[[lh>z綩-E̻eRxDؖU3f/?~n^9iۀք$\3v::4,$Mxsyd 3|i^/&KP2s)Z5o3r6$^y<ylY.5q0Ϳ lcB^Ьoqf*Ai1pyd4_ٵ^+{+L}6V-Vw;L?IF"I'r維6 <~w^| /;]X e|2J:斾xw o'VliJ1#dGgKj~<#w 7z Mi'c]W͗;0/Cmw}y\șҀ}Ñ=;e9F1Cnq^8rєc-p)B?!kkyj_+J<#La΀\^;2fOm5W:3݃ZmnF W%'&RGԪܼZevNWFxd#)۱y|*V!94";mfiuA'}#yOqhJB<!y B!y B!y B!y B!y B!y B!y BM?-B!Kg4LQh?Ꙋ,D PTe!Oz"( <3EYA(B4LE@Qy3 ¾N jesk9-k(kz]+/ dQ,.E%7N2ş; ^8Hwg5qf⤱3\?p).!)&zɮ]#GFR# iֶvQP0=v/i fEDt//6y C;/%4/ pgR fPhƅ::w 3͊;JɡcQv5cZk$δ$A^4~hke 1?SSSK'jL{sJ+eb_Ięv3j4_k$>Y̱JJY qdeK*/.NFcdjFLӸq!4UL{U7ż];vq\ 8N= _5??ulj'4nш98?{G7shcD3qŴWuZeHΧꋌKQvkqi׵L_qWȐW{^۽m.E=SZ_?=ffdWKp{Ny&z^YߺVt޹sa3Au'Z_p)`>CmJf:fּKrR|fNxj'1vRPgEm`cAaWq755uW)u?;.E1:iE}cfGr4vO@L=;Y|;%\cDr4vOc3/;њYkUQn~;6Γ4Ω^."OPh?򟂠( $?AQI ,D EY&A )M'@Se!O@BӨ1Y0 ;"Ge!Oz"( <3EYA(B4LE@Qyg*̓'=SϚG_O~Qv⤮\z?ayV'cuʖ wӈ]=}ĵ=cWuH$z3gvk? 0Q\vKQvOqRI?.L]+Fv|)xLΡXif QJGXe'!}?ivR/*EH]'83UUڢE^3:jԔ'jMv\,E=#fc!)^|!uD^4~hkeiƌՇ#w,󇞌&ʖ ^\܋{d p9$'{዇hՎ1젳4k (W/L*;wFH|N" pgvxug vy%r"j;L|.T:'iAg`m4и4:ШkWvΩ⋎KQvd?CυJ]'33]+t_}`I f!3Av.EIڗLBj/Oh#N\ț_153\G4n֫]8MMMqibYGC(d>jR|Wg۩u;?SNUTJJ;kg  3 󧼱LaIfi3n~(eWICdHK3$p$Zڼu>uC Ӹ1%Ƿjjw)l$_?BQI ,D EY&A )M'@Se!O (B4 OAPh?-B!Nzg4LQh?Ꙋ,D PTe!Oz"( <3EYAS9( $o򟂠( $e{ujZ\{NoeK.]ϚGWRKF5cǢd)'$4'uC )H#v,!)A/i;(m()b]|A&0+J+8e`d]KIi^'uCPXѹL3F 5u`ۀfLi;Jil'g_v$δ/ ! (|}9s(|SSSK(gmi{.Cix'ĕKirJLJAR=?JJ +#K܉ $&Ml-J8e^S-/ammmtJZEH]z]16~p!qWANj4k (;Ŵ 05ę5! ( ;0xkL\5a.KVUƑ>GeQv *o,q|WuO@'Lɫ}vȫ=^ݰ6'Cf/3{ki9&ߝp,Mlp8+X꺇'=WGtšhļQ̃[MOMMej5Z/.E=/Fz6Wg*uCd<{ěJg;:Fa$J]JWRv^]_Վ?*uCPd)M'@Se!O (B4 OAPh?򟂠( $?AQI ,D hBp7f? agB䈢,D PTe!Oz"( <3EYA(B4LE@QygY3~pi4cp~MQv⤮79Me?wʖ ydqcQvjJfWMPz\uOc=Ӽ3;x@g&*+܎ap,1_)N:F#H8}fw]/ŴN;0Z.L{6`VGR[E(;C𜮕]2DŽ"qՇ#G=55վ 7{=W|p2΀uP&3K.rZNimb6b?S_cYr?lP[E(;C*u@xML݆\,OAI&JJC縺 ccKJ݆^O@<5mw*Hͯ֋Qvio'La1D'Χ{?4MJzPyyݫd1*o*saSX67 "Oi}jDoKj?t4sLвQvҏbī]ބ?j'Χ{j/W3Yc^iĝwribYGZ ({;HH3bW7f1S=?h ahܾouKJyT|q/Ar ӻ_9Χ{&)UTf=WuWkWLa$ML&FPd)M'@Se!O (B4 OAPh?򟂠( $?AQI ,D hBp7f? agB䈢,D PTe!Oz"( <3EYA(B4LE@Qyg*̓'՞ZV6W[R WϚG{p%#Q.,a3¸e '[[['LFZ[_-`'՞j ̎҆i+ƘC5Q2_Qj]b^Sv O=SDzfqa߼l0 %G21w6W/Ofv3#3.! pg5 C;"355վ} {&=\jظeV!oM}iK̴}h9{&{12ĠFbAvYR4 ()JZڗMeGa"ruTv O=Sޱ+vS|.;4kvv(yVv OFKgh؁1ƈ4V3$4}ow(A ?psp*@D`J^#C^ym*Xpb1xusPikEMsyfN)u'Z_p8n?條,B]Mm=kz JDz/:|a:j]T|D&\ TTp*@P4)o,SFvx:FNu[ITG9\4vO+<}1v^]_BEy9UM̍'hSXe!O (B4 OAPh?򟂠( $?AQI ,D EY&A"4o~L΄EYA(B49( $[ (B4 OAp&ʇ>\X1Ha6Nޕb?(ĉ'@Sr[[[`";m'{.ӻwhĈiJޕ'`31mwn_~WNt.dY\x0.iL٦72=l;qfGeKB>{fgQBuZOmY_'4kQ7jo%/9LDzVO>µ3pʙunPS5%LL)Y,v )199ɓQ;cKۭp-V#cnģ4 sdϥ{(d 3 #C;Pon>3M6G$X$PÞ= ;X2U^&HJnď+rO;6r*EK9u]'V̡۾y9paKo$ ]+u@8pQzOGN`S%|ba26FNp6FoAQ!%yLx6Drf>q62U^,t e@ʎ"[&h4L3 yjJ\I`J?3v: l3@')M:OBG]ãhxJΪL($:f/\^Yez7nazhj.H!'BR6R [oc? l7fDF< /^R^nf]ndwB2$ 㛣0%k]1fM'dpsvrI93v: If@')w axdws-W2R(?چSvXy܏|M7a׷[i޶Wƕ6͕r"[4(syM\9Z#q9v??;?bMcAyf[s1w;kbC&H0hP:g@r*EyN <m$:m:)v3ô`O;V/su`>,"1&|.q-?./هN<90GOtL>{YpG!^Y9S'˰ COL2P©߸g.6Y5aIhz1 ( ?%sjbKDhvhn7-Ves%)~%?:oD&EôlF̄mxVK/Bɾȁ׍uc1dQbӯRR i/{xMq̴ȍ,Aѫ]mނڣ'`c5es&{GnKns֜;? |8vqEB|xm[P{,0x|k91"wa(cwoN")O幜_X)g&㹍3/aGgvK]оQ{)Udo":3e"< )tfkeWes%<`oLo:+|vj+kn?"L,zś2s KۋsI@GBn֗?ǝFmy+&-,ƙXp)d"N-1j4LQh?򟂠( $?AQI ,D EY&A )M'@Se!O@BӨ1B!BG!DBG!DBG!DBG!DBG!DBG!DBG!DBG!DBG!D+zr@J`rhˋ#7[u9߉ٙ9m=yHAͰ)8 ջ.GǽU}5 n] Oh+'0 `h   "What Quality of Service is About Mihleviuaanatua144Microsoft PowerPointce @@p@ף'/EG g  F1& &&#TNPP2OMi & TNPP &&TNPP    --- !---&G&ww@W 8CwCw w0- @Times New RomanCwCw w0- .2 R March/7/2005   .&Gy&  .%2 Hanoch Levy, CS, TAU      .&y&  . 2 f1 .--- !8H--- @Times New RomanCwCw w0- 33.12 SSInternet Measurement Methods  9!1 9 .--Q1-- 33@Times New RomanCwCw w0- 33.2 Workshop on QoS3  &.@Times New RomanCwCw w0- 33.2 | Hanoch Levy5 . 33.2 @ March 2005!  . 33@"Arialw@` CwCw w0- .2 $To Start 23/3/05     .&.--- !$ -----'--&  .2  To Start 23/3/05     .--"System !)Bw-&TNPP &՜.+,D՜.+,X     On-screen Show ComGates Sht %Times New RomanArial WingdingsDefault DesignMicrosoft Equation 3.0Visio 2000 Drawing Bitmap ImageInternet Measurement Methods The objective: Performance Measures 'What are typical performance measures The causes for problems The causes for problems Who is Who + references References (2) +Performance Measures and applications (1)Applications (2): FTP Applications (3) Bandwidth Measurement Bandwidth Measurement )Bandwidth Measurement (3) : Packet pair6Bandwidth Measurement (4) : Packet pair: Explanation5Bandwidth Measurement (5) : Packet pair: Conditions)Bandwidth Measurement (5) : Packet pair5Bandwidth Measurement : What we want on the projectBandwidth Measurement A histogram C&CAnother histogramBandwidth Measurement (Bandwidth Measurement: Train accuracy $Bandwidth Measurement : Issues (1) $Bandwidth Measurement : Issues (2) $Bandwidth Measurement : Issues (3) In case you have Questions References (1) References (2)References (3)  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titlest 8@ _PID_HLINKSA,6http://special.matrixnetsystems.com/ratings/index.asp4http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ippm-charter.htmlxhttp://citeseer.nj.nec.com/rd/91024091%2C479183%2C1%2C0%2CDownload/http%3AqSqqSqwww.cs.utk.eduqSq%7EduniganqSqpktprb.pshttp://citeseer.nj.nec.com/rd/91024091%2C500287%2C1%2C0%2CDownload/http%3AqSqqSqwww.cs.columbia.eduqSq%7EwenyuqSqpapersqSqasym-gi99-ea.ps%http://bandwidthplace.com/speedtest/_panatanat  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`bcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;=>?@ABCEFGHIJKMNOPQRSXRoot EntrydO)PicturesfCurrent UserLSummaryInformation(<PowerPoint Document(aDocumentSummaryInformation8D